Timeline and laws enacted during the Kulturkampf Kulturkampf

1 timeline , laws enacted during kulturkampf

1.1 1871
1.2 1872
1.3 1873
1.4 1874
1.5 1875
1.6 1876

timeline , laws enacted during kulturkampf

between berlin , rome , bismarck on left , pope on right, german satirical magazine kladderadatsch, 1875. pope: admittedly, last move unpleasant me; game still isn t lost. still have beautiful secret move. bismarck: last one, , ll mated in few moves — @ least in germany.

from 1871 1876, prussian state parliament , federal legislature (reichstag), both liberal majorities, enacted 22 laws in context of kulturkampf. directed against clerics: bishops, priests , religious orders (anti-clerical) , enforced supremacy of state on church. while several laws specific catholic church (jesuits, congregations etc.) general laws affected both catholic , protestant churches. in attempt overcome increasing resistance catholic church , defiance of laws, new regulations increasingly went beyond state matters referring purely internal affairs of church. many liberals saw them encroachment on civil liberties, compromising own credo.

constitutionally, education , regulation of religious affairs vested in federal states , leading actor of kulturkampf prussia, germany’s largest state. of laws passed reichstag , applied of germany. in general, laws did not affect press , associations including catholic ones.

the major kulturkampf laws were:

1871

8 june 1871, fusion of catholic , protestant sections in prussian ministry of culture (responsible religious matters). catholic section had been installed in 1840. reason given merger was, exclusively political attitude of equal justice adopted , purpose 1 ecclesiastical department required. merger precondition school supervision act of following year.
10 december 1871, empire, pulpit law (kanzelparagraph) passed @ initiative of bavaria , meant curb considered misuse of religious sermons political agitation pulpit. law read: cleric or other minister of religion shall punished imprisonment or incarceration of 2 years if he, while exercising occupation or having occupation exercised, makes state affairs subject of announcements or discussion either in public before crowd, in church, or before number of people in other place designated religious gatherings in such way endangers public peace.

1872

22 january 1872, adalbert falk became prussian minister spiritual, educational , health matters
11 march 1872, prussian school supervision act. legislation @ heart of kulturkampf, abolishing church oversight of prussian primary school system (catholic , protestant), excluding clergy education , eliminating influence in curricular matters. milestone liberalism, placing education hands of government had been @ top of agenda. ensure open-minded , neutral education prerequisite progressive society. in eyes of bismarck, law necessary after church, putting in opposition state, used schools incite young against government.
on april 1872, vatican rejected gustav adolf, cardinal prince of hohenlohe-schillingsfürst german ambassador holy see. schillingsfürst had been critical of infallibility dogma accepted decision of council. therefore, bismarck took him suitable mediator. in response rejection diplomatic mission left vacant , prussia suspended relations vatican in december 1872.
4 july 1872, empire, jesuit law banning of jesuits seen emissaries of rome , spearhead of ultramontanism. acknowledging supremacy of papal authority, jesuits accused of contesting secular authority. law allowed dissolution of jesuit chapters , expulsion of members. following year law extended closely related orders: redemptorists, lazarists, fathers of holy ghost, , ladies of sacred heart. continued , increasing church resistance , contempt of 1871/1872 laws led changes in constitution , enactment of further laws. in order facilitate these laws, prussian constitution amended.
20 september 1872, @ conference in fulda prussian bishops protested against regulations hostile church.
23 december 1872, in address cardinals, pope denounced new laws persecution of church.

1873

rudolf virchow, 1861



17 january 1873, term kulturkampf came play. debating law on education conditions employment of clerics, progressive deputy in prussian legislature – distinguished medical scientist , pioneer of public health methods, rudolf virchow said: ich habe die Überzeugung, es handelt sich hier um einen großen kulturkampf. (i of conviction great cultural struggle) repeated term in call vote german progress party on 23 march 1873. ironically picked , derided in catholic press , enthusiastically defended in liberal.
30 january 1873, while laws being debated in parliament, prussian bishops submit protest against planned legislation , in memorial, announced opposition new laws.
5 april 1873, prussia, amendment of sections 15, 16 , 18 of prussian constitution


in section 15 sentence protestant , roman catholic church every other religious community regulates , administers affairs independently supplemented remain subject laws of state , legally regulated superintendence . added, same applies possession or beneficial use of institutions religion, teaching, charity, endowments , funds.
section 16, regarding unrestricted dealings of religious communities seniors , public announcements according general regulations cancelled.
section 18 cancelled state s right appoint, nominate, elect or confirm clerics post. amendment added, state regulate minimum education required clerical posts, appointment , dismissal of clergymen , servicemen of religion, , define limits of ecclesiastical disciplinary measures.


on 2 may 1873, bishops issued common pastoral letter explaining faithful necessity unanimously , passively resist these laws.


ludwig windthorst, 1872



may laws


the may laws (maigesetze), or falk laws, set of laws passed prussian parliament in years 1873, 1874 , 1875.


four laws passed in 1873 enacted on 11/12/13/14 may 1873:


1. law on religious disaffiliation allowing person sever connection church simple declaration before justice of peace. declaration freed him civil effects of belonging church, ecclesiastical burthens , dues.


2. law on ecclesiastical disciplinary measures restricting exercise of ecclesiastical punishments , means of discipline directed against life, property, freedom or honour of citizens. included infliction of great excommunication if proclaimed name of guilty, because of possible disturbances of civil , social intercourse. thus, disciplinary measures totally restricted spiritual realm (see state monopoly on violence).


3. ecclesiastical disciplinary law concerning ecclesiastical power of discipline , establishment of royal court of justice ecclesiastical affairs. subordinated catholic church state jurisdiction not in external in internal matters. law regulated exercise of disciplinary power church authorities against officers special violation of duties. members of court had germans residing in germany. bodily chastisement church entirely forbidden, fines limited maximum amounts, restrictions of freedom consist in banishment church institution within germany no longer 3 months , not against of person concerned. on other hand, new court given jurisdiction on ecclesiastical officers in violation of state laws.
with law german clergy exempt juridical body outside of nation. hence, judgments of holy see or roman rota not binding upon them. highest court made of prussian ecclesiastics, appointed permission of prussian civil authorities. church s juridical , punitive powers restricted allowing clerics, e. g. punished church not resisting kulturkampf laws, appeal royal court of justice ecclesiastical affairs. bishops in defiance of law deposed.


4. education standards , civic registry law concerning education , appointment of priests. regarding protestant church, these regulations had been in force long time. men intended priesthood needed graduate degree (abitur) german gynasium , study 3 years of theology @ german university.
all appointments of clerics had approved state. herewith, training , appointment of clergy came under state supervision. traditional regimen of clerical study replaced modern education in liberal german institution, ensuring candidates priesthood imbued spirit of secularism. furthermore, ecclesiastical offices filled permission of highest civil authority in each province, reviving ancient practice of lay investiture.


26 may 1873, bishops issued pastoral letter calling on faithful resist new laws , informed prussian government not cooperate in execution. parish councils declined elect new pastors or accept parish administrators. exiled or imprisoned bishops used underground networks. bishops of münster , paderborn refused kulturexamen seminaries , appointed priests without notifying authorities. clergy obeying mandate of bishops became subject punishments prescribed laws. fines imposed in hundreds of cases , clerics resisted pay @ which, in turn, government resorted force, either confiscation or imprisonment of 2 years.
21 november 1873, in encyclical etsi multa on persecution of church in italy, germany, , switzerland, pope wrote of germany no wonder, then, former religious tranquility has been gravely disturbed in empire kind of law , other plans , actions of prussian government hostile church. wish falsely cast blame of disturbance on catholics of german empire! claimed freemasonry motivating force behind kulturkampf.

1874

9 march 1874: prussian civil registry law (birth, marriage, death). same law passed whole empire on 6 february 1875.
4 may 1874: empire, expatriation law: meant curb exercise of church duties clerics without required consent of authorities. law stipulated, in such cases, after final conviction, cleric banned parish or sent place within empire and, in case of reoccurrence, cleric expatriated , expelled.
20 may 1874: prussian law on administration of vacant bishoprics. according law of 11 may 1873, administrators elected vacant bishoprics, authorizing laymen assume administrative responsibilities @ parish level. additional law stipulated that, should administrator not elected according law, property managed state superinendent.
on july 13, 1874, in town of bad kissingen, eduard kullmann attempted assassinate bismarck pistol, hit hand. kullmann cited church laws reason attempt; sentenced 14 years of zuchthaus (correctional facilities harsh forced labor). assassination attempt led intensification of kulturkampf measures.

1875

5 february 1875, encyclical, quod nunquam declared may laws invalid, insofar totally oppose divine order of church . catholic newspaper westfälischer merkur first publish whole text on 18th of same month in germany. following papers publishing encyclical confiscated.
22 april 1875, prussian payment law (breadbasket law) stopped government subsidies , payments catholic bishoprics , clerics unless signed declaration of adherence laws.
31 may 1875, prussian congregations law dissolving orders within 6 months except involved in care infirm. teaching orders, time extended.
20 june 1875, prussian church finances administration law providing representation , council elected parish administration of property.
4 july 1875, prussian old-catholic church entitlement law giving old-catholic communities of size right use catholic churches , cemeteries.

1876

the last 2 laws passed in 1876 of no practical importance.

26 february 1876, possible punishment violation of pulpit law extended publications.
7 june 1876, state supervision act provided government supervision of church assets in catholic dioceses in prussia.




^ pflanze, otto, in: bismarck , development of germany, volume ii, princeton university press, isbn 0-691-05587-4, p 202
^ www.kath.de kirchengeschichte - der kulturkampf . retrieved 21 december 2016. 
^ pflanze, otto, in: bismarck , development of germany, volume ii, princeton university press, isbn 0-691-05587-4, p 206
^ pflanze, otto, in: bismarck , development of germany, volume ii, princeton university press, 1971, isbn 0-691-05587-4, p 200
^ war between prussia , rome in: quarterly review, john murray, london, 1874, vol. 136, p. 311
^ geschichte der cdu (history of t christian democratic party of germany) in: http://www.kas.de/wf/de/71.8617/
^ cite error: named reference robbins 1920, p. 178 invoked never defined (see page).
^ lougee, robert w., kulturkampf , historical positivism, pp. 219–220, church history, vol. 23, no. 3, sep., 1954, cambridge univ.
^ see text
^ thomas vormbaum; michael bohlander (2013). modern history of german criminal law. springer science & business media. p. 133. 
^ boniface. understanding kulturkampf . retrieved 21 december 2016. 
^ (in english) kulturkampf . new catholic dictionary. 1910. archived original on 2013-08-25. distinguished liberal politician , scientist, professor rudolph virchow, first called kulturkampf, or struggle civilization. 
^ winkler, heinrich august in: der lange weg nach westen. deutsche geschichte 1806–1933, munich 2000, p. 222.
^ bachem, karl in: vorgeschichte, geschichte und politik der deutschen zentrumspartei, vol. iii, 1927, p. 268–269
^ geschichte der cdu in: http://www.kas.de/wf/de/71.8617/
^ catholic encyclopedia: kulturkampf . retrieved 21 december 2016. 
^ robbins, keith in: dynamics of political reform in northern europe 1780-1920, political , legal perspectives, leuven university press, isbn 9789058678256, p. 180
^ of may perchance wonder war against catholic church extends widely. indeed each of knows nature, zeal, , intention of sects, whether called masonic or other name. when compares them nature, purpose, , amplitude of conflict waged everywhere against church, cannot doubt present calamity must attributed deceits , machinations part. these synagogue of satan formed draws forces, advances standards, , joins battle against church of christ. para 28, etsi multa