Effects of the laws.2C contemporary criticism and long term results Kulturkampf

^ lamberti, (2001) p 177
^ quoted in edward crankshaw, bismarck (1981) pp 308-9
^ helmstadter, richard j., freedom , religion in nineteenth century, p. 19, stanford univ. press 1997
^ steinhoff, christianity , creation of germany, (2008) p 295
^ liberals enthusiastic champions of general policy, because satisfied tradition of passionate anti-clericalism. virchow meant kulturkampf term of praise, signifying liberation of public life sectarian impositions (though term later taken catholic leaders in spirit of bitter derision). supreme court in culture wars archived 2007-03-11 @ wayback machine. jeremy rabkin in fall edition of public interest
^ bismarck – saw variety of tactical political advantages in these measures – took pains distance himself rigors of enforcement. supreme court in culture wars archived 2007-03-11 @ wayback machine. jeremy rabkin in fall edition of public interest
^ conservative political forces, centering on old prussian aristocracy, became increasingly critical of these measures, fearing jeopardize status of own protestant evangelical church. supreme court in culture wars archived 2007-03-11 @ wayback machine. jeremy rabkin in fall edition of public interest
^ gordon a. craig (1978). germany, 1866-1945. oxford up. pp. 75–76. 
^ supreme court in culture wars archived 2007-03-11 @ wayback machine. jeremy rabkin in fall edition of public interest
^ ruppert, stefan in: kirchenkampf und kulturkampf: historische legitimation, politische mitwirkung und wissenschaftliche begleitung durch die schule emil ludwig richter, mohr siebeck, tübingen, 2002, isbn 978-3-16-147868-0, p.257 - 263
^ cite error: named reference newadvent.org invoked never defined (see page).
^ christopher clark, iron kingdom: rise , downfall of prussia, 1600–1947 (2006) pp. 568–576
^ edgar feuchtwangler, bismarck (2000) pp 186-87
^ margaret lavinia anderson, practicing democracy: elections , political culture in imperial germany (princeton university press, 2000) p 107.
^ hajo holborn, history of modern germany: 1840–1945 (1969), 258–260
^ anderson, practicing democracy (2000) p 150