Organization for revolution Xinhai Revolution

1 organization revolution

1.1 earliest groups
1.2 smaller groups
1.3 tongmenghui
1.4 later groups
1.5 views

organization revolution
earliest groups

there many revolutionaries , groups wanted overthrow qing government re-establish han led government. earliest revolutionary organizations founded outside of china, such yeung ku-wan s furen literary society, created in hong kong in 1890. there 15 members, including tse tsan-tai, did political satire such situation in far east , 1 of first ever chinese manhua, , later became 1 of core founders of south china morning post.

dr. sun yat-sen in london

sun yat-sen s xingzhonghui (revive china society) established in honolulu in 1894 main purpose of raising funds revolutions. 2 organizations merged in 1894.

smaller groups

the huaxinghui (china revival society) founded in 1904 notables huang xing, zhang shizhao, chen tianhua , song jiaoren, along 100 others. motto take 1 province force, , inspire other provinces rise .

the guangfuhui (restoration society) founded in 1904, in shanghai cai yuanpei. other notable members include zhang binglin , tao chengzhang. despite professing anti-qing cause, guangfuhui highly critical of sun yat-sen. 1 of famous female revolutionaries qiu jin, fought women s rights , guangfuhui.

there many other minor revolutionary organizations, such lizhi xuehui (勵志學會) in jiangsu, gongqianghui (公強會) in sichuan, yiwenhui (益聞會) , hanzudulihui (漢族獨立會) in fujian, yizhishe (易知社) in jiangxi, yuewanghui (岳王會) in anhui , qunzhihui (群智會/群智社) in guangzhou.

there criminal organizations anti-manchu, including green gang , hongmen zhigongtang (致公堂). sun yat-sen himself came in contact hongmen, known tiandihui (heaven , earth society).

gelaohui (elder brother society) group, zhu de, wu yuzhang, liu zhidan (劉志丹) , long. revolutionary group develop strong link later communist party.

sun yat-sen tongmenghui


tongmenghui

sun yat-sen united revive china society, huaxinghui , guangfuhui in summer of 1905, thereby establishing unified tongmenghui (united league) in august 1905 in tokyo. while started in tokyo, had loose organizations distributed across , outside country. sun yat-sen leader of unified group. other revolutionaries worked tongmenghui include wang jingwei , hu hanmin. when tongmenhui established, more 90% of tongmenhui members between 17–26 years of age. of work in era includes manhua publications, such journal of current pictorial.

later groups

in february 1906 rizhihui (日知會) had many revolutionaries, including sun wu (孫武), zhang nanxian (張難先), jiwei , feng mumin. nucleus of attendees of conference evolved tongmenhui s establishment in hubei.

in july 1907 several members of tongmenhui in tokyo advocated revolution in area of yangtze river. liu quiyi (劉揆一), jiao dafeng (焦達峰), zhang boxiang (張伯祥) , sun wu (孫武) established gongjinhui (progressive association) (共進會). in january 1911, revolutionary group zhengwu xueshe (振武學社) renamed wenxueshe (literary society) (文學社). jiang yiwu (蔣翊武) chosen leader. these 2 organizations play big role in wuchang uprising.

many young revolutionaries adopted radical programs of anarchists. in tokyo liu shipei proposed overthrow of manchus , return chinese classical values. in paris li shizhen, wu zhihui , zhang renjie agreed sun on necessity of revolution , joined tongmenghui, argued political replacement of 1 government government not progress; revolution in family, gender , social values remove need government , coercion. zhang ji among anarchists defended assassination , terrorism means toward revolution, others insisted education justifiable. important anarchists included cai yuanpei, wang jingwei , zhang renjie, gave sun major financial help. many of these anarchists later assume high positions in kuomintang (kmt).

views

many revolutionaries promoted anti-qing/anti-manchu sentiments , revived memories of conflict between ethnic minority manchu , ethnic majority han chinese late ming dynasty (1368–1644). leading intellectuals influenced books had survived last years of ming dynasty, last dynasty of han chinese. in 1904, sun yat-sen announced organization s goal expel tatar barbarians, revive zhonghua, establish republic, , distribute land equally among people. (驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權). many of underground groups promoted ideas of resist qing , restore ming (反清復明) had been around since days of taiping rebellion. others, such zhang binglin, supported straight-up lines slay manchus , concepts anti-manchuism (興漢滅胡 / 排滿主義).