History Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria

1 history

1.1 1815 1860
1.2 constitutional experiments
1.3 galician autonomy
1.4 great economic emigration
1.5 first world war , polish-ukrainian conflict

history

in 1772, galicia largest part of area annexed habsburg monarchy in first partition of poland. such, austrian region of poland , later become ukraine known kingdom of galicia , lodomeria underline hungarian claims country. however, after third partition of poland, large portion of ethnically polish lands west (new or west galicia) added province, changed geographical reference of term galicia. lviv (lemberg) served capital of austrian galicia, dominated polish aristocracy, despite fact population of eastern half of province ukrainian, or ruthenian , known @ time. in addition polish aristocracy , gentry inhabited parts of galicia, , ruthenians in east, there existed large jewish population, more heavily concentrated in eastern parts of province.

during first decades of austrian rule, galicia firmly governed vienna, , many significant reforms carried out bureaucracy staffed largely germans , czechs. aristocracy guaranteed rights, these rights considerably circumscribed. former serfs no longer mere chattel, became subjects of law , granted personal freedoms, such right marry without lord s permission. labour obligations defined , limited, , bypass lords , appeal imperial courts justice. eastern rite uniate church, served ruthenians, renamed greek catholic church bring onto par roman catholic church; given seminaries, , eventually, metropolitan. although unpopular aristocracy, among common folk, polish , ukrainian/ruthenian alike, these reforms created reservoir of toward emperor lasted end of austrian rule. @ same time, however, austrian empire extracted galicia considerable wealth , conscripted large numbers of peasant population armed services.

from 1815 1860

in 1815, result of decisions of congress of vienna, lublin area , surrounding regions (most of new or west galicia) ceded austrian empire congress poland (kingdom of poland), ruled tsar, , ternopil region, including historical region of southern podolia, returned austrian empire russia, had held since 1809. large city of kraków , surrounding territory, formerly part of new or west galicia, became semi-autonomous free city of kraków unter supervision of 3 powers sharing rule on poland (i. e., austria, russia , prussia).

physical map of kingdom of galicia , lodomeria 1849–1918

the 1820s , 1830s period of bureaucratic rule overseen vienna. administrative positions filled german-speakers, including german-speaking czechs, although of children becoming polonized. after failure of november insurrection in russian poland in 1830–31, in few thousand galician volunteers participated, many polish refugees arrived in galicia. latter 1830s rife polish conspiratorial organizations work culminated in unsuccessful galician insurrection of 1846, put down austrians of galician peasantry remained loyal emperor. insurrection occurred in western, polish-populated part of galicia. polish manorial gentry supported or sympathetic barely concealed plans uprising establish independent polish state, peasants on manorial estates of western galicia, reduced misery poor harvests, saw little advantage in free poland , seized opportunity rise against institution of serfdom, killing many of estate owners. collapse of uprising free poland, city of kraków lost semi-autonomy , integrated austrian empire under title of grand duchy, , practical purposes made part of galicia austrian authorities.

in same period, sense of national awakening began develop among ruthenians in eastern part of galicia. circle of activists, greek catholic seminarians, affected romantic movement in europe , example of fellow slavs elsewhere, in eastern ukraine under russians, began turn attention common folk , language. in 1837, so-called ruthenian triad led markiian shashkevych, published nymph of dniester, collection of folksongs , other materials in common ruthenian tongue. alarmed such democratism, austrian authorities , greek catholic metropolitan banned book.

in 1848, revolutionary actions broke out in vienna , other parts of austrian empire. in lemberg, polish national council, , later, ukrainian, or ruthenian supreme council formed. before vienna had acted, remnants of serfdom abolished governor, franz stadion, in attempt thwart revolutionaries. moreover, polish demands galician automomy countered ruthenian demands national equality , partition of province eastern, ruthenian part, , western, polish part. eventually, lemberg bombarded imperial troops , revolution put down completely.

a decade of renewed absolutism followed, placate poles, count agenor goluchowski, conservative representative of eastern galician aristocracy, so-called podolians, appointed viceroy. began polonize local administration , managed have ruthenian ideas of partitioning province shelved. unsuccessful, however, in forcing greek catholic church shift use of western or gregorian calendar, or among ruthenians generally, replace cyrillic alphabet latin alphabet.

constitutional experiments

galician slaughter (polish rzeź galicyjska ) jan lewicki (1795–1871)

in 1859, following austro-hungarian military defeat in italy, empire entered period of constitutional experiments. in 1860, vienna government, influenced agenor goluchowski, issued october diploma, envisioned conservative federalization of empire, negative reaction in german-speaking lands led changes in government , issuing of february patent watered down de-centralization. nevertheless, 1861, galicia granted legislative assembly or galicia diet. although @ first pro-habsburg ukrainian , polish peasant representation considerable in body (about half assembly), , pressing social , ukrainian questions discussed, administrative pressures limited effectiveness of both peasant , ukrainian representatives , diet of galicia became dominated polish aristocracy , gentry, favoured further autonomy. same year, disturbances broke out in russian poland , extent spilled on galicia. sejm ceased sit.

by 1863, open revolt broke out in russian poland , 1864 1865 austro-hungarian government declared state of siege in galicia, temporarily suspending civil liberties.

the year 1865 brought return federal ideas along lines suggested agenor goluchowski , negotiations on autonomy between polish aristocracy , vienna began once again.

meanwhile, ruthenians felt more , more abandoned vienna , among old ruthenians grouped around greek catholic cathedral of saint george, there occurred turn towards russia. more extreme supporters of orientation came known russophiles . @ same time, influenced ukrainian language poetry of eastern ukrainian writer, taras shevchenko, ukrainophile movement arose published literature in ukrainian/ruthenian vernacular , established network of reading halls. supporters of orientation came known populists , , later, ukrainians . ruthenians, however, still hoped national equality , administrative division of galicia along ethnic lines.

galician autonomy

galician sejm (parliament) in lemberg (modern lviv).

in 1866, following battle of sadova , austrian defeat in austro-prussian war, austro-hungarian empire began experience increased internal problems. in effort shore support monarchy, emperor franz joseph began negotiations compromise magyar nobility ensure support. members of government, such austro-hungarian prime minister count belcredi, advised emperor make more comprehensive constitutional deal of nationalities have created federal structure. belcredi worried accommodation magyar interests alienate other nationalities. however, franz joseph unable ignore power of magyar nobility, , not accept less dualism between , traditional austrian élites.

finally, after so-called ausgleich of february 1867, austrian empire reformed dualist austria-hungary. although polish , czech plans parts of monarchy included in federal structure failed, slow yet steady process of liberalisation of austrian rule in galicia started. representatives of polish aristocracy , intelligentsia addressed emperor asking greater autonomy galicia. demands not accepted outright, on course of next several years number of significant concessions made toward establishment of galician autonomy.

from 1873, galicia de facto autonomous province of austria-hungary polish and, lesser degree, ukrainian or ruthenian, official languages. germanisation had been halted , censorship lifted well. galicia subject austrian part of dual monarchy, galician sejm , provincial administration had extensive privileges , prerogatives, in education, culture, , local affairs.

these changes supported many polish intellectuals. in 1869 group of young conservative publicists in kraków, including józef szujski, stanisław tarnowski, stanisław koźmian , ludwik wodzicki, published series of satirical pamphlets entitled teka stańczyka (stańczyk s portfolio). 5 years after tragic end of january uprising, pamphlets ridiculed idea of armed national uprisings , suggested compromise poland s enemies, austrian empire, concentration on economic growth, , acceptance of political concessions offered vienna. political grouping came known stanczyks or kraków conservatives. eastern galician conservative polish landowners , aristocracy called podolians , gained political ascendency in galicia lasted 1914. shift in power vienna polish landowning class not welcomed ruthenians, became more sharply divided russophiles, looked russia salvation, , ukrainians stressed connections common people.

both vienna , poles saw treason among russophiles , series of political trials discredited them. meanwhile, 1890, agreement worked out between poles , populist ruthenians or ukrainians saw partial ukrainianization of school system in eastern galicia , other concessions ukrainian culture. thereafter, ukrainian national movement spread rapidly among ruthenian peasantry and, despite repeated setbacks, years of twentieth century movement had replaced other ruthenian groups main rival power poles. throughout period, ukrainians never gave traditional ruthenian demands national equality , partition of province western, polish half, , eastern, ukrainian half.

the great economic emigration

beginning in 1880s, mass emigration of galician peasantry occurred. emigration started seasonal 1 germany (newly unified , economically dynamic) , later became trans-atlantic 1 large-scale emigration united states, brazil, , canada.

caused backward economic condition of galicia rural poverty widespread, emigration began in western, polish populated part of galicia , shifted east ukrainian inhabited parts. poles, ukrainians, jews, , germans participated in mass movement of countryfolk , villagers. poles migrated principally new england , midwestern states of united states, brazil , elsewhere; ruthenians/ukrainians migrated brazil, canada, , united states, intense emigration southern podolia western canada; , jews emigrated both directly new world , indirectly via other parts of austria-hungary.

a total of several hundred thousand people involved in great economic emigration grew steadily more intense until outbreak of first world war in 1914. war put temporary halt emigration never again reached same proportions.

the great economic emigration, emigration brazil, brazilian fever called @ time, described in contemporary literary works polish poet maria konopnicka, ukrainian writer ivan franko, , many others. states in south of brazil have large percentage of population formed direct descendants of these ruthenians/ukrainians immigrants.

when comes social relations, between peasants , landlords, area backwards in former polish–lithuanian commonwealth. entire 19th century, majority of landlords viewed peasants less human. when lot of peasants under prussian partition made better laws , in russian partition majority of polish landlords de facto abolishing serfdom in exchange peasants sending children free-of-charge (secret respect polish language) schools training them poles , nobility adopted free peasants prevent russian emperor forcing them serfdom, galician peasantry living @ verge of starvation. led polish peasants call area krolestwo goloty glodomerji i.e. kingdom of bareness , starvation.

at same time these emigrations in 1890s, many polish , ukrainian liberals saw galicia galician piedmont, both polish piedmont , ukrainian piedmont. because italians had started liberation austrian rule in italian piedmont, these ukrainian , polish nationalists felt liberation of 2 countries begin in galicia.

despite 750,000 persons emigrating across atlantic 1880 1914, galicia s population increased 45% between 1869 , 1910.

first world war , polish-ukrainian conflict

during first world war galicia saw heavy fighting between forces of russia , central powers. russian forces overran of region in 1914 after defeating austro-hungarian army in chaotic frontier battle in opening months of war. in turn pushed out in spring , summer of 1915 combined german , austro-hungarian offensive.

siege of przemyśl in 1915

in 1918, western galicia became part of restored republic of poland, absorbed lemko-rusyn republic. local ukrainian population briefly declared independence of eastern galicia west ukrainian people s republic . during polish-soviet war soviets tried establish puppet-state of galician ssr in east galicia, government of after couple of months liquidated.

the fate of galicia settled peace of riga on march 18, 1921, attributing galicia second polish republic. although never accepted legitimate ukrainians, internationally recognized significant french support on may 15, 1923. french support polish rule of ethnically ukrainian eastern galicia , oil resources in borysław-drohobycz basin rewarded warsaw allowing significant french investment pour polish oil industry. poles had convinced french since less 25% of ethnic ukrainians literate before great war , ukrainians novices in governing themselves, poles, not ukrainians, able administer eastern galicia , precious oil assests.

the ukrainians of former eastern galicia , neighbouring province of volhynia, made 12% of second polish republic population, , largest minority. polish government policies unfriendly towards minorities, tensions between polish government , ukrainian population grew, giving rise militant underground organization of ukrainian nationalists.