History of diplomatic relations Chile–Peru relations

1 history of diplomatic relations

1.1 rule under spanish empire
1.2 wars of independence (1810–1830)
1.3 formation of peru-bolivia confederation (1836)
1.4 war of confederation (1836–1839)
1.5 chincha islands war (1864–1866)
1.6 war of pacific (1879–1883)
1.7 military regimes (1960s, 1970s)
1.8 cenepa war controversy (1995)
1.9 edwin donayre (2008)
1.10 maritime dispute (2008–present)
1.11 recent history

history of diplomatic relations
rule under spanish empire

after conquest of peru francisco pizarro , troops, diego de almagro went on expedition explore lands of chile had been assigned. after finding no gold , little more farming societies , fierce attacks of mapuche, diego de almagro returned peru broken army seeking gain sort of power , prestige. after attempting overthrow pizarro in cusco, diego de almagro failed , sentenced death.

some time after events of almagro, pedro de valdivia led expedition peru chile, called nuevo toledo , ended in creation of santiago de la nueva extremadura , captaincy general of chile. lack of treasures , natural resources spanish valued (such gold , silver) economy , constant raids local mapuche made chile highly undesirable place. result, during colonial era chile poor , problematic province of viceroyalty of peru, , took while before settlers begin find other natural resources of lands. in order protect further attacks , full-scale revolts (such arauco war), , retain official control of lands, viceroyalty of peru had finance defence of chile constructing extensive forts such valdivian fort system. in order prevent other european nations making colonies in these sparsely-populated areas, trade of chile became restricted directly providing supplies, such tallow, leather, , wine, peru. moreover, series of young officers in chile made careers governors of territory, , few made way getting appointed viceroys of peru (such ambrosio o higgins , agustin de jauregui y aldecoa). exchange of goods , supplies between both regions became first recorded trade of both future nations.

wars of independence (1810–1830)

a series of excellent historical relations followed these times, during period of independence spain. start of spanish conquest, incas (and later mestizo descendants) kept struggle independence spain in viceroyalty of peru. series of revolts people such túpac amaru ii kept spirits independence in peru , rest of south america. nonetheless, chile s remoteness helped in making become 1 of first nations declare independence so-called patria vieja. first attempt thwarted spanish, spirit of independence continued in chile. later, aid of josé de san martín , argentine army, chile once again became independent nation. meanwhile, peru remained stronghold remaining spanish forces whom sought form force large enough re-conquer lost territories. jose de san martin s army included chilean soldiers marched lima , proclaimed independence of peru. after that, more reinforcements arrived peruvian population , commanders such ramon castilla began prove excellent tacticians. arrival of simón bolívar , subsequent victories @ battles of junin , ayacucho served end of spanish rule in south america.

afterwards, several of these war heroes helped in forming relations between newly formed nations became prominent politicians in nations. people bernardo o higgins, ramon freire, agustin gamarra, , ramon castilla seek aid , refuge in either peru or chile. after wars of independence, mutual concerns of both nations revolved around consolidating nations sovereign states. peru , chile found in 1 of friendliest of positions shared no territorial claims , due historic trade. cultures of both nations kept close ties popular peruvian zamacueca evolved in chile cueca , in peru yet-to-be named marinera. still, economic disputes , greed destroy apparently 1 of best international relations in world @ time.

formation of peru-bolivia confederation (1836)

the formation of large, united south american nations popular idea simón bolívar , series of other prominent leaders of time sought form. nonetheless, problems began when leaders not agree center of power of union located. many of leaders figure union not happen, , many (such josé de san martín) went regular lives in disappointment. yet, in order expand personal dream of gran colombia, bolívar allowed sucre form nation of bolivia in upper peru. action led controversy republican government of peru sought re-consolidate power in region had belonged them under spanish authorities. period of time filled political intrigue, , war erupted between peru , gran colombia. political turmoil in peru stopped bolivar s plans reach bolivia , keep expanding colombia, warfare ended indecisively. aftermath of left peru consolidated state, bolivia formally recognized separate entity peru, , beginning of dissolution of gran colombia nations of new granada (today, colombia), ecuador, , venezuela.

even though peru had recognized independence of bolivia, national sentiment among peruvian society , politicians influenced events take place. agustin gamarra , andres de santa cruz leading proponents of union between these 2 nations during 1830s, each had different views on nation command union. while santa cruz favored bolivian-led confederation, gamarra sought annex bolivia peru. series of political conflicts in peru give santa cruz chance start plans, , led invasion of peru claiming intentions restore order. series of peruvians felt betrayed own government president , several leaders of congress allowed santa cruz divide peru 2 nations: north peru , south peru. peru-bolivian confederation formed, , several leading powers of day (such france , great britain) , united states recognized nation s existence. politicians in south america form divided opinions new nation, due political conflicts in former states of greater colombia, main turmoil idea centered in southern south america.

among heavily involved in situation republic of chile. famous chilean leaders such bernardo o higgins , ramon freire openly favored ideas of newly self-appointed grand marshal santa cruz, @ same time opposed regime @ moment governed chile. government in chile divided should new nation. series of peruvians, including agustin gamarra , ramon castilla, saw situation invasion of bolivia peruvian territory, , went exile in chile in order gain support chilean government. nevertheless, far things concerned chile, peru still owed debt chilean government result of government helping in liberation of peru spain, , both nations still under commercial competition port become important in southern pacific coasts (callao in peru or valparaíso in chile). moreover, chile saw creation of new peru-bolivia government threat chilean independence , sovereignty due major influence combined territories of peru , bolivia beginning form in world, , many important chilean figures exiled in peru sought take on , change current chilean governmental administration. though peru-bolivian confederation still young, economic , infrastructure plans of grand marshal santa cruz had made major impact in economy of bolivia, , nation of south peru began benefit result of being free control of lima , staying under economic policies of santa cruz. state union did not benefit north peru, , state begin provide greatest support chilean intervention situation.

war of confederation (1836–1839)

what led chile form liberation army (composed of peruvians , chileans) invasion of chile chilean exiles in peru-bolivia under leadership of ramon freire, under support of andres de santa cruz. invasion of freire failed, situation had escalated bad relations between peru-bolivia , chile. first attack liberation army came without declaration of war, , santa cruz offended these actions chile sponsoring. nonetheless, in order avoid war, santa cruz proposed treaty of peace keep relations between both nations @ ease. seeing chance @ formally setting forth cause war, chile sent ultimatum santa cruz among dissolution of peru-bolivian confederation included. santa cruz agreed dissolution of confederation, , chile declared war upon confederation. @ same time, argentine confederation saw chance stop meddling of santa cruz in northern argentina , declared war upon peru-bolivia.

the first battles of war heavily disputed both sides, came in favor of santa cruz. argentina s first major attempt became last northern provinces, whom sympathetic of santa cruz, began major revolt against war. left combined forces of chile , peru alone in war against santa cruz , peru-bolivian troops (some under command of former chilean officers such ramon freire , french officer named juan blanchet). first major attack of liberation army turned major disaster people of south peru turned against liberation force, , santa cruz persuaded commander of these troops sign peace agreement confident chile accept stated (along several other things) debt of peru chile repaid. in chile, war @ first met opposition chilean society did not approve of war. still, after assassination of important political figure in chile, situation became matter of national pride. in chilean congress, votes turned against peace treaty , several of military officers had lost @ first battle court martialed.

the second campaign attack santa cruz better organized excellent commanders such chilean manuel bulnes prieto , peruvian ramon castilla. time fought , won important victory in battle of portada de guias, , liberation force able enter city of lima. lima , majority of rest of north peru met liberation army approval, , appointed agustin gamarra provisional president. victory short-lived, though, liberation army retreated heard of major army arrive under command of santa cruz. meanwhile, in southern pacific, confederate naval attack on chile failed, victory of mixed blessings 1 confederate ship sunk majority of chilean ships badly , heavily damaged. although santa cruz s army began once again win series of skirmishes , battles, series of uprisings took nation instability. santa cruz not everywhere @ once, , decided first finish war liberation forces , next deal insurrections. came next surprising military defeat of confederate troops liberation forces confederate forces began split on opinions , commanding skills of manuel bulnes prieto proved superior santa cruz, killed during battle.

following this, peru once again unified, , agustin gamarra attempted lead invasion bolivia. attack utterly failed, gamarra killed, , peru , bolivia entered war. bolivia once again invade peru but, without gamarra, ramon castilla became prominent military figure of peru , troops dispatched defensive. success in defense resulted in peruvian victories returned both peru , bolivia former status quo. although relations between peru , bolivia find friendly point in terms defense of both nations, peru , chile once again showed heavy improvements in international relations peru paid chilean assistance war , later in past debt owed original liberation of peru spain. major conflict between these nations became trade in pacific ocean, lack of land border left topic solely commercial problem. far concerned chilean society, peru nation s closest ally against possible invasion argentina; , far concerned peruvian society, chile had faithfully aided peru in maintaining independence. political leadership of ramon castilla in peru further bring peaceful relations chile.

chincha islands war (1864–1866)

the first major intercontinental event involving these nations erupted result of guano, resource heavily demanded in international market , western south america (mainly in territories of peru, bolivia, , chile) had plenty of sell. main problem arose out of spain s belief peru not independent nation , rebellious state. angered peru, during times close ties among peruvians , spanish relatives did not amount trouble. in fact, when spain sent scientific expedition team south america, people of chile , peru greeted them cordiality. nonetheless, reasons not clear date, fight broke out between 2 spanish citizens crowd of people in lambayeque, peru. scientific expedition turned aggressive demanded government of peru give reparations spanish citizens , government apology. response of peru simple, according government situation internal matter better left justice system , no apology due. without knowing it, beginning of turn out war.

as result of meeting, spanish expedition made demands peru pay debt owed spain wars of independence. peru willing negotiate, when spain sent royal commissary instead of ambassador, government of peru offended , diplomatic relations turn worse. peru, royal commissary custom applied colony of nation, while ambassador appropriate title discussion among independent nations. aside matter of technical names, due lack of diplomacy between spanish envoy , peruvian minister of foreign affairs, spanish scientific expedition invaded chincha islands (rich in guano) of peru off coast of port of callao. no war had been declared, action heavily deteriorated relations critical point. meanwhile, government of chile sought avoid war spain , declared neutrality officially denying provisions of armaments , fuel peru , spain. still, order put effect 2 peruvian steamers heading out of valparaíso supplies, armaments, , chilean volunteers. although incident went against chilean order, spanish fleet (no longer scientific expedition) took pretext increase hostilities against chile. therefore, week after refusing salute spanish order salute spanish flag gun salute, chile declared war upon spain.

the first battle of war went in favor of chile spanish fleet suffered humiliating defeat in battle of papudo. still, in order achieve such victory, chile used flag of great britain in order ambush spanish fleet in papudo. chileans captured ship attacked, covadonga, , kept use in chilean navy. in peru, situation still stuck on controversy on occupation of chincha islands. lack of action led 2 peruvian presidents overthrown until mariano ignacio prado , nationalist movement of peru officially declared war against spain , offered aid chile , form united front against spain. point, chile in need of assistance spanish fleet had begun mobilization against first nation declared war upon them. under policy of punishment south american ports of nations had defied spain, spanish fleet bombarded , destroyed port , town of valparaíso.

in europe, spanish government outraged @ spanish fleet had defied orders return spain before blood shed. still, did little stop actions of admiral casto méndez núñez. destruction of valparaíso outraged several other south american nations including ecuador , bolivia (whom point had declared war spain). peru dispatched fleet , admirals defense of chile, , peruvian addition chilean troops make mark under command of peruvian admiral manuel villar combined peruvian , chilean ships defend chiloe archipelago spanish bombardment or invasion. prior battle, chilean , peruvian ships had been waiting near island of chiloe 2 peruvian ships arrive. spanish found out , dispatched strongest ships take care of this, , ships of chile , peru ambushed in abtao (an island close chiloe). battle of abtao took place, , although result inconclusive, spanish ships retreated after receiving heavy fire peruvian ships union , america.

later, spanish fleet went bombard , possibly invade peru giving direct attack port of callao. port of callao point had received aid across south america, , peruvian defenders of callao stood side side chileans, ecuadorians, , bolivians. battle of callao prove disaster spanish fleet defenses of callao proved stronger , defeated them point of forcing complete retreat of spanish fleet south american coasts. south american nations viewed result favorably spain not able take control of of guano-rich deposits. still, greed of guano lead former south american allies war broke alliance of nations had proven stronger united separated.

war of pacific (1879–1883)

national borders in region had never been definitively established; 2 countries negotiated treaty recognized 24th parallel south boundary , gave chile right share export taxes on mineral resources of bolivia s territory between 23rd , 24th parallels. bolivia subsequently became dissatisfied @ having share taxes chile , feared chilean seizure of coastal region chilean interests controlled mining industry.

peru s interest in conflict stemmed traditional rivalry chile hegemony on pacific coast. also, prosperity of peruvian government s guano (fertilizer) monopoly , thriving nitrate industry in peru s tarapacá province related mining activities on bolivian coast.

in 1873 peru agreed secretly bolivia mutual guarantee of territories , independence. in 1874 chilean-bolivian relations ameliorated revised treaty under chile relinquished share of export taxes on minerals shipped bolivia, , bolivia agreed not raise taxes on chilean enterprises in bolivia 25 years. amity broken in 1878 when bolivia tried increase taxes of chilean antofagasta nitrate company on protests of chilean government. when bolivia threatened confiscate company s property, chilean armed forces occupied port city of antofagasta on feb. 14, 1879. bolivia imposed presidential decree confiscated chilean property in bolivia, chile understood declaration of war. government of la paz next called peruvian aid in accordance defensive alliance both nations had made in 1873, peru tried negotiate peaceful solution between bolivia , chile in order avoid war. chile, after finding out defensive alliance of bolivia , peru, demanded peru remain neutral, , peruvian government decided discuss both chilean , bolivian proposal in congressional meeting. however, before peru able provide decision, on april 5, 1879, war officially declared when chile declared war on both bolivia , peru.

chile occupied bolivian coastal region (antofagasta province) , took offensive against peru. naval victories @ iquique (may 21, 1879) , angamos (oct. 8, 1879) enabled chile control sea approaches peru. chilean army invaded peru. attempt @ mediation united states failed in october 1880, , chilean forces occupied peruvian capital of lima following january.

chile occupy provinces of tacna , arica 10 years, after plebiscite held determine nationality. 2 countries failed decades agree on terms plebiscite conducted. diplomatic dispute on tacna , arica known question of pacific. finally, in 1929, through mediation of united states, accord reached chile kept arica; peru reacquired tacna , received $6 million indemnity , other concessions.

during war peru suffered loss of thousands of people , property, and, @ war s end, seven-month civil war ensued; nation foundered economically decades thereafter. in 1884 truce between bolivia , chile gave latter control of entire bolivian coast (antofagasta province), nitrate, copper, , other mineral industries; treaty in 1904 made arrangement permanent. in return chile agreed build railroad connecting bolivian capital of la paz port of arica , guaranteed freedom of transit bolivian commerce through chilean ports , territory. bolivia continued attempt break out of landlocked situation through la plata river system atlantic coast, effort led chaco war (1932–35) between bolivia , paraguay.

in 1883, chile , peru signed treaty of ancón in peru handed on province of tarapacá. peru had hand on departments of arica , tacna. these remain under chilean control until later date, when there plebiscite decide nation maintain control on arica , tacna. chile , peru, however, unable agree on how or when hold plebiscite, , in 1929, both countries signed treaty of lima, in peru gained tacna , chile maintained control of arica.

military regimes (1960s, 1970s)

relations remained sour because of war. in 1975, both countries on brink of war, few years before centennial of war of pacific. conflict fueled ideological disputes: peruvian general juan velasco left-winger while chilean general augusto pinochet right-winger. velasco, backed cuba, set date invasion on august 6, 150th independence anniversary of bolivia, , proposed date when chile intended grant country sovereign corridor north of arica, in former peruvian territory, action not approved peru. however, dissuaded starting invasion on date advisor, general francisco morales bermúdez, original family former peruvian (currently chilean) region of tarapacá. velasco later fell ill , deposed group of generals proclaimed morales bermúdez president on august 28.

morales bermúdez assured chilean government peru had no plans invasion. tensions mounted again when chilean spy mission in peru discovered. morales bermúdez again able avert war, despite pressure velasco s ultranationalist followers.

cenepa war controversy (1995)

in 1995, peru involved in cenepa war, brief thirty-three-day war ecuador on cenepa river sector of cordillera del condor territory in western amazon basin. chile, argentina, brazil, , united states, guarantors of 1942 rio protocol had put end ecuadorian–peruvian war earlier century, worked governments of peru , ecuador find return status quo , end border disputes once , all. however, during conflict, series of peruvian newspapers brought forth information claiming chile had sold armaments ecuador while war taking place. claim promptly denied chile following day on february 5, 1995, admitted had sold weaponry ecuador on september 12, 1994, part of regular commercial exchange had no aim against particular nation. due lack of further information, peru s president, alberto fujimori, put momentary end scandal.

however, controversy once again ignited when general víctor manuel bayas, former chief of staff of ecuadorian armed forces during cenepa war, made series of declarations in regards armed conflict between peru , ecuador. on march 21, 2005, general bayas asked ecuadorian newspaper el comercio if chile had sold armaments ecuador during cenepa war, replied: yes, contract militaries during conflict. furthermore, general bayas revealed argentina , russia had sold weaponry ecuador during conflict. later same year, on april 11, colonel ernesto checa, ecuador s military representative in chile during cenepa war, stated chile provided ecuador ammunition, rifles , night vision devices during war. moreover, peruvian government revealed held knowledge during war @ least couple of ecuadorian c-130 transport airplanes had landed in chilean territory pick 9mm ammunition, , ecuadorian air force had planned 3 more of armament acquisition voyages chile. nonetheless, peruvian government @ time regarded minor incident due fact chilean sub-secretary of foreign relations told peruvian ambassador in chile on february 2, 1995, chilean government take immediate measures stop other possible operations of nature.

in response declarations made general bayas, on march 22, 2005, government of chile denied claims , stated registered sale of weapons ecuador in 1994. jaime ravinet, chilean minister of defense, assured other armament transfer after 1994 date had been illegal. ravinet further stated that, after discussing matter peruvian counterpart, roberto chiabra, situation had been resolved. yet, peruvian government did not find february 5, 1995, , march 22, 2005, declarations acceptable or sufficient; , went on send note of protest chilean government. peru added chile, guarantor of rio protocol, should have maintained absolute neutrality , alleged weapons commerce during cenepa war goes against resolutions made united nations , organization of american states.

edwin donayre (2008)

donayre became center of international controversy on november 24, 2008, when peruvian media showed youtube video in general said not going let chileans pass (...) [a] chilean enters not leave. or leave in coffin. , if there aren t sufficient coffins, there plastic bags . video, dated 2006 or 2007, recorded during party @ friend s house attended army officials , civilians. these comments caused widespread indignation in chile, making headlines in el mercurio newspaper. peruvian president, alan garcía, called chilean counterpart, michelle bachelet, explain these remarks did not reflect official peruvian policy. bachelet declared herself satisfied explanations.

on november 28, in response incident, chilean government spokesman stated scheduled visit chile peruvian defense minister, antero flores aráoz, might inopportune given circumstances. following day, flores aráoz announced decision postpone trip after conferring foreign affairs minister, josé garcía belaúnde. several members of peruvian government commented on spokesman s remarks including president garcía said country did not accept pressure or orders outside of peru . donayre defended video, declaring peruvian citizens have right whatever want @ private gatherings , though scheduled retire on december 5 not forced resign under external pressure. consequence of these exchanges, tensions between peru , chile rose again; president bachelet met top aides on december 1 discuss matter , possible courses of action. meanwhile, in lima, congressman gustavo espinoza became center of attention main suspect of leaking video chilean press , politicians. donayre ended tenure commanding general of army on december 5, 2008, expected; president alan garcía appointed general otto guibovich replacement.

maritime dispute (2008–present)

relations between 2 nations have since recovered. in 2005, peruvian congress unilaterally approved law increased stated sea limit chile. law superseded peruvian supreme decree 781 same purpose 1947, had autolimited maritime border geographical parallels only. peru s position border has never been demarcated, chile disagreed reminding on treaties in 1952 , 1954 between countries, supposedly defined seaborder. border problem has still not been solved. however, chile s michelle bachelet , peru s alan garcía have established positive diplomatic relationship, , unlikely hostilities break out because of dispute.

on january 26, 2007, peru s government issued protest against chile s demarcation of coastal frontier 2 countries share. according peruvian foreign ministry, chilean legislatures had endorsed plan regarding arica , parinacota region did not comply current established territorial demarcation. moreover, alleged proposed chilean law included assertion of sovereignty on 19,000 sq. meters of land in peru s tacna region. according peruvian foreign ministry, chile has defined new region without respecting concordia demarcation.

the chilean deputies , senators approved law said did not notice error. part, chilean government has asserted region in dispute not coastal site named concordia, instead refers boundary stone no. 1, located northeast , 200 meters inland. possible border dispute averted when chilean constitutional court formally ruled on january 26, 2007 against legislation. while agreeing court s ruling, chilean government reiterated stance maritime borders between 2 nations not in question , have been formally recognized international community.

nevertheless, in april 2007, peruvian nationalistic sectors, represented left wing ex-presidential candidate ollanta humala decided congregate @ hito uno right @ border chile, in symbolic attempt claim sovereignty on maritime area known in peru mar de grau (grau s sea) west of chilean city of arica. peruvian police stopped group of 2,000 people 10 km border, preventing them reaching intended destination. despite these incidents, presidents of both chile , peru have confirmed intentions improve relationships between 2 countries, fueled huge amount of commercial exchange between both countries private sectors.

in 2007 chilean government decided, sign of goodwill, voluntarily return thousands of historical books plundered lima s national library during chilean occupation of peru. peru still looking other cultural items brought home.

on january 16, 2008, peru formally presented case international court of justice, in peruvian government sued state of chile regarding chilean-peruvian maritime dispute of 2006–2007. court expected reach verdict in no less 7 years.

in 2011, prior new peruvian president ollanta humala s visit bolivia in pre-inauguration pan-americas tour, peru agreed cede territory claimed bolivia against chile facilitate resolution of maritime claim. 1929 peace , friendship treaty, formalized relations between 3 states following war of pacific, requires peru s prior agreement pursue further negotiations chile cede former peruvian territory third party , settle conflict.

recent history

in late 2009, chile continued multi-national military exercise dubbed salitre ii 2009, concerned peruvian government due planned scenario of northern country attacking southern country (both peru , bolivia northern neighbors of chile; , both peru , chile expecting receive formal decision international court of justice). however, chile modified scenario in order deal dictator in foreign continent. airmen argentina, brazil, france , united states participated in exercise. afterwards, peru s chancellor josé antonio garcía belaúnde expressed peruvian government s decision neither attend event or make further comments on internal affair of chile. nonetheless, upon event s conclusion, chilean congressman jorge tarud stated military exercise loss peru based on idea peru used full diplomatic force in order prevent event taking place. tarud added not offensive exercise maintenance of peace. yet, peru s major diplomatic action during time proposal create non-aggression pact among south american nations , prevent further armamentism (increase in weaponry) nations of south america, tarud considered aimed @ chile.

in november 2009 peru detained low-ranking air force officer on suspicion of treason allegedly spying chile. peru cited incident reason quitting asia-pacific economic cooperation summit in singapore month. chile has rejected spying accusations , accused garcia of overreacting. chilean officials suggested timed espionage revelation create scandal @ summit leaders holding talks on regional integration.

in 2014, international court of justice resolved chilean-peruvian maritime dispute of 2006, demarcating sea border line between 2 nations.

both nations members of asia-pacific economic cooperation, organization of ibero-american states, organization of american states, pacific alliance, rio group , united nations.