Three types of concepts and their schemata Schema (Kant)

1 3 types of concepts , schemata

1.1 empirical concepts
1.2 pure sensuous (mathematical) concepts
1.3 pure concepts of understanding

1.3.1 applying pure concepts sense impressions
1.3.2 transcendental schemata
1.3.3 judgment
1.3.4 time
1.3.5 schemata procedural rules, not images
1.3.6 illustrations of different categories , schemata
1.3.7 schematized , unschematized categories

three types of concepts , schemata

there 3 types of concept require schema in order connect them perceptions have sense [sinn] , meaning [bedeutung]. these 3 types (1) empirical concepts, (2) pure (mathematical) sensuous concepts, , (3) pure concepts of understanding, or categories. first 2 employ schemata. third employs transcendental schemata.

empirical concepts

an empirical concept abstract thought of common several perceptions. when empirical concept said contain object, whatever thought in concept must intuited in mental representation of object. examples of intuitive perceptions content of empirical concepts vague images imagined in order connect concept perceptions derived common feature. intuitions, kant wrote, required verify or demonstrate reality of our concepts. these examples ensure our abstract thinking has not strayed far safe ground of perception, , has possibly become high-flown or mere idle display of words. because concepts quite impossible, , utterly without meaning or signification, unless object given concepts themselves, or @ least elements of consist. example, concept of dog signifies rule according imagination can trace, delineate, or draw general outline, figure, or shape of four-footed animal without being restricted single , particular shape supplied experience. in order prevent emptiness of thoughts without contents, necessary make our concepts sensible, i.e., add object of intuition them. in order test whether concept sensible, … go perception tentatively , moment, calling in imagination perception corresponding concept occupies @ moment, perception can never quite adequate (general) concept, mere representative of time being. … kant calls fleeting phantasm of kind schema.

pure sensuous (mathematical) concepts

these concepts relate, prior experience, external sense of space , internal sense of time. such, mathematical in refer geometry , arithmetic. pure, sensuous concept construction or mental drawing of common several geometrical figures. these mathematical concepts not based on objective visual images. based on schemata exist in thought. particular image not general concept. schemata rules allow imagination mentally construct or draw or trace pure, general geometrical form gives pure, sensuous concept significance. … [t]o possess schema corresponding concept triangle able envisage variety of things word triangle applies. [t]he schema of sensuous concepts (such of figures in space) product and, were, monogram of pure imagination priori. images become possible through schema. images must connected concept means of designated schema. otherwise, images can never congruent general concept.

pure concepts of understanding

a pure concept of understanding, or category, characteristic, predicate, attribute, quality, or property of possible object, is, object in general or such. these concepts not abstractions of common several perceived, particular, individual objects, empirical concepts. since categories priori , therefore not abstractions sense perceptions, owe origin nature of mind itself. not derived perceptions of external objects, empirical concepts. instead, result of way mind constituted or formed. come within, not without.

kant claimed schemata of pure, non-empirical concepts, or categories, provide reference intuition in way similar manner of empirical concepts. if concepts empirical, intuitions called examples; if pure concepts of understanding, intuitions called schemata. in same way examples provide signification empirical concepts, schemata answer question of whether operating categories other playing words.

since pure concepts of understanding, or categories, characteristics of objects in general, can never associated image of specific, particular, individual object. since pure, cannot pictures... yet there must connection between abstract idea , experienced world idea expected apply... in order pure categories have objective validity (and not merely subjective validity) must related sensibility.

applying pure concepts sense impressions

the categories, or pure concepts of understanding, priori logical innate forms conditions of possibility of things in general, or of things such. thing can become known object of thought when posteriori sense impression comprehended through forms of categories. categories , sense impressions totally different each other. categories utterly heterogeneous perceptions experienced through sense organs. in order specific phenomena of nature thought combination of categories (pure concepts) , sense perceptions, there must third, mediating procedure connects them. mediator transcendental schema. transcendental schemata meaningfully join empty thoughts without content , blind intuitions without concepts.

schemata mediate between empirical (a posteriori) concepts or mathematical (pure sensuous) concepts , perceptions similar adapters. adapters devices fitting incompatible parts, schemata connect empirical concepts perceptions derived. schemata rules production of images. rules, related concepts. image–producers, related perceptions. while concept belongs understanding , instance perception, schema has, speak, foot in either domain. rules production of images schemata … linked understanding; rules production of images linked perception. adapter simile more apt in case of transcendental schemata. because pure concepts of understanding (categories) totally unrelated perceptions. pure concepts or categories original constituent components of understanding , not derived empirical sense perceptions.

transcendental schemata

transcendental schema not related empirical concepts or mathematical concepts. these schemata connect pure concepts of understanding, or categories, phenomenal appearance of objects in general, is, objects such, or objects.

judgment

transcendental schematism results ability make judgments. judgment applies concepts of understanding [the categories] phenomena. … [t]he judgment … schematizes these concepts priori , applies these schemata, without no experiential judgment possible, each empirical synthesis. … transcendental schematism of judgment provides [judgment] rule under given empirical intuitions subsumed. kant defined greek word hypotyposis … rendering perceptible senses, making sensual (versinnlichung). usual definition example, pattern, outline, or sketch. if hypotyposis schematic, according kant, ...to concept, comprehended understanding, corresponding intuition given priori... in opposition symbolic hypotyposis, god, in concept can thought reason , no sensible intuition can adequate. schemata contain direct presentations of concept. make presentation demonstratively, not use of analogies. judgment, according kant, works mechanically given appearances , brings them under concepts. tool utilized , controlled both understanding , senses.

time

the schematism of pure understanding sensuous condition [time] under alone pure concepts of understanding [the categories] can used. categories, or pure concepts of understanding, abstract representations of objects in general. however, can result in thought particular, specific internal or external objects if related time. concepts derived perceptions, therefore pure concepts [categories] based on pure perceptions. purest perception, or schema, time. time has purest relation sensation possible. mere form of sensation because sensations must felt in succession. therefore, time designated kant purest possible schema of pure concept.

all things experienced in time, is, in succession, 1 after another. applies our internal selves external objects. since categories forms through every specific thing can thought being in time, categories related time. thus, pure concepts, or categories, , phenomenal objects share time common feature. therefore, time means intuited phenomenon subsumed under pure concept. schemata transcendental time determinations. hence possible category applied appearances means of transcendental time determination, which, schema of concepts of understanding, mediates subsumption of appearances under category.

schemata procedural rules, not images

because schemata determinations of objects in general, not specific, individual objects, not particular images. kant asserted … schema must distinguished image. schema procedural rule. rule prescribes way relate pure concept object in general. schemata ways of applying pure concepts (categories) sense impressions. prescriptions graphically illustrating pure concept. schema method representing non-empirical concept in image such or image in general. … [f]or kant schema not image, capacity form images or (perhaps) construct models. schema of pure concept of understanding can never made image...

lewis white beck wrote, pure concepts of understanding…are applied pure form of intuition (time) give rise transcendental schemata or rules of application of pure concepts whatever sense–impressions receive. exemplify this, continued, take important example, have hypothetical (if–then) judgment, mode of judgment under category of cause. applied phenomena in time schema of causation, namely, rule cause of phenomenon phenomenon invariably precedes in time…. in way, beck showed transcendental schema rule leads understanding of successive [in time] sensations according various pure concepts [kant s categories ].

illustrations of different categories , schemata

each category has 1 schema. schemas shared other categories in class.

the categories of quantity share schema of number. quantity related numerical time series. william h.s. monck claimed kant can understood saying in apprehending object successively add part part, , generate series of determinate magnitude. unity 1 moment in time. plurality several moments. totality expressed moments. monck noted kant not trace out specially schemata of categories of unity, plurality, , totality. monck supposed: in category of unity presume should stop @ first term of time–series: category of plurality should represent addition of unit unit without laying down determinate limit; , category of totality should limit number of units , complete addition number.
the categories of quality have degrees of reality schema. quality related content of real being in time. kant metaphorically explained schema of quality filling of time sensation. monck paraphrased kant saying, may speak of time being more filled when sensation more vivid, , less filled when sensation weaker. if sensation sufficiently vivid present moment filled it seems impossible attend to, or conscious of other sensation simultaneously; when becomes weaker have leisure perceive other sensations also. occurs degrees. can represent filling taking place gradual increase 0 (empty time) given degree of vividness, or similar descent sensation of moment zero. reality experience of sensation in time. negation absence of sensation in time. limitation range of degrees, between transition full empty, things sensed in time. monck stated again kant not here give in detail schemata of categories of reality, negation, , limitation. qualifiedly suggested in first case [reality], should, perhaps, represent sensation occupying present moment exclusion of else; in second [negation] sensation entirely absent present moment; in third [limitation] sensation occupying present moment along others.
schema of category of relation order of time. in class of relation, each category has own schema. substance s schema permanence of unchanging substance (subject) accidents (predicates) belong, or permanence of object in time. causality s schema necessary succession of consequent antecedent. is, … schema of category of cause regular antecedence in time (i.e. succession in time determined fixed law). category of community has schema of necessary coexistence of accidents of 1 substance accidents of substance. communal interaction consists of changing accidents of 1 substance having cause in changing accidents of substance, , vice versa. can understood … simultaneity of objects in time.
schema of category of modality according kant time related existence of object. in class of modality, category of possibility has schema of possibility @ time. schema of actual existence @ time belongs category of existence. finally, category of necessity has schema of being object @ times.

even though kant provided these illustrations , examples of schemata, author john mahaffy claimed topic remained obscure. wrote, may add, these illustrations of various schemata developed , explained succeeding chapters on principles embody them, , impossible make them clear reader until has studied theory of principles.

schematized , unschematized categories

the schemata give categories cash value , though category paper money , sense experience analogous precious metal. schema agreement or harmony of category sensual phenomena. example, number quantity of phenomenon; sensation reality of phenomenon; permanence , endurance of things substance of phenomenon, eternity necessity of phenomenon, etc. in way, schemata restrict categories conditions of sensibility. schematism , schemas have property of realizing categories @ same time restricting scope appearances. categories cannot realized in objects not detectable senses, is, not phenomenal objects or objects appear observer.

schemata of pure concepts of understanding are, therefore, true , sole conditions providing these concepts reference objects , hence signification. , therefore categories have, in end, no other use possible empirical one. in order categories refer perceived, experienced objects, must schematized. if category not schematized, has no reference perception. unschematized category can thought, can not known. if can never perceived, can never known. schemata represent things in general appear, not might otherwise exist. categories, therefore, without schemata functions of understanding necessary concepts, not represent object. act results in formation of 1 abstract concept various perceptions or other concepts. transcendental determination of time transcendental schema, … use of categories restricted range of things fall within time — meaning, kant, restricted phenomena. metaphysical entities not related time, such spontaneous or uncaused movements, immortal souls, , eternal gods, products of unschematized categories. can thought, not known.